Degree

BS (Social Sciences & Liberal Arts)

Faculty / School

School of Economics and Social Sciences (SESS)

Department

Department of Social Sciences & Liberal Arts

Date of Award

Spring 2025

Date of Submission

2025-07-30

Advisor

Amna Tufail

Committee

Dr Ismat Abbas

Project Type

SSLA Culminating Experience

Access Type

Restricted Access

Keywords

Adult ADHD, diagnosis, gender, perceptions, support, identity

Abstract

Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent yet poorly understood condition that continues to impair the functioning of many adults in Pakistan. There remains a significant gap in qualitative research examining the diagnostic journeys and the struggles of adults with ADHD in Pakistan, despite its high prevalence (Khan et al., 2019; Mushtaq et al., 2021). This research sought to address the lack of qualitative insights into the socio-cultural and gendered dynamics of ADHD diagnosis in Pakistan. The sample was 7 clinically diagnosed adults (aged eighteen and above) who regularly get psychological support, and do not have severe impairments. The male-to-female ratio was 3:4. The sample was recruited through collaboration with mental health professionals and clinics. The study employed a qualitative research methodology and utilised semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data by coding, categorising, and visualising it.

Five core themes and eleven sub-themes were identified. Core themes included: Recognition and Realisation, Socio-cultural Influences, Coping Mechanisms, Impact of Diagnosis on Self, and Gaps and Barriers in Access. The findings reveal that a formal diagnosis provided clarity, language and relief to participants. However, it does not erase the functional or emotional struggles that participants experience throughout their lives. The results also uncover the influence of gendered norms on pre- and post-diagnosis experiences. Women internalised their struggles, expressing self-blame and emotional overwhelm more often, echoing the societal expectation to appear self-contained and composed. In contrast, men expressed disruptions in cognitive functioning and productivity, suggesting gendered norms around performance and control.

The study reflects on the lack of awareness and acceptance among the general population and medical professionals and emphasises the lack of formal support in clinical systems and educational institutions. It highlights the urgent need for culturally sensitive diagnostic practices, gender-informed mental health discourse, and neurodiversity-affirming support systems in Pakistan.

Pages

100

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